Many people recognize that gender – how a person identifies, presents themselves and is perceived – has nuances. Some people identify and present as women, others as men, and still others as nonbinary.
But there is a common misconception that biological sex – usually determined by a person’s sex chromosomes, gonads (ovaries or testes) or genitals – is binary. This idea assumes that everyone is biologically either female or male, with no ambiguity or intermediacy.
Yup, academic papers and scholarly publications use em dashes. This isn’t the gotcha you think it is.
For those not informed this is a thinly veiled accusations towards the authors of this paper accusing them of using generative AI to fake the study. Accusations like these are often made out of ignorance but also often times due to a personal agenda of the accuser.