Being from the sub-continent, low-level and bureaucratic corruption is a big pervasive problem. Corruption in general. From the lower office peons to the highest officers the rot runs deep. Bribing to even get basic paperwork done is common. How do countries like China and others in the “First World” handle it?
Is it a culture thing? or something else?
I wonder how this would work in a modern world of increasing hyperspecialization. I guess it’s probably still workable if you are able take the cuban doctors approach and just train a surplus of professionals, scientists, engineers, etc, but honestly I’m not sure you can do that for every profession all at once, at least not while having to exist in a hegemonically capitalist world.
On the other hand maybe specialization is a process which can be reversed somewhat. I do think its undesirable to have (for example) chud STEM bros who only know anything about their area of specialty, and actively denigrade other disciplines especially social sciences. Creating an education system to produce more generalists would help, and seems like a good ideological fit for a socialist society. A whole society of people where most have 4 or 6 years of post secondary education, with a focus on well-roundedness and political education is probably a lot more resilient than one where 70% of people have none, 20% have 4 years but 10% are career specialists with 10+ years in academia focused almost solely on their hyper-specialty and get exalted above the rest.
While hyperspecialisation definitely applies in STEM subjects, I’m not sure it applies in a big way to higher-level politicians and civil servant positions, which are largely just project management and high-level planning.